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Property searches explained

Searches are the part of buying a house nobody explains. They arrive as a line on an invoice with an acronym attached, and most people pay without ever learning what they bought. Here is what each one actually does, and why the list is different for a house in Barnsley and a house in Bedfordshire.

What a search actually is

A property search is a question put to an organisation that holds records about land — the council, the water company, the Coal Authority — and the written answer that comes back. It is a records check, not an inspection; nobody visits the house.

The party really asking is usually the buyer's lender. A mortgage is secured against the property, so the lender wants to know the council has no plans to drive a road through the garden before it releases the money. That is why searches are effectively compulsory on a mortgaged purchase and optional on a cash one.

The four almost every property needs

Local authority search (LLC1 + CON29)

The LLC1 lists charges registered against the property. The CON29 answers a standard set of questions about planning permissions, building control, nearby road schemes and public footpaths.

Drainage and water (CON29DW)

Confirms whether the property is connected to public water and sewers or relies on a private supply or septic tank, and whether a public sewer runs under the garden.

Environmental search

Checks contaminated land, landfill history, flood risk and radon. Under contaminated land rules a current owner can be liable for cleaning up pollution somebody else caused.

Land Registry title search

The official register and plan: who owns it, where the boundaries run, what rights cross it, and what charges are secured against it.

Why the list changes with location

Those four apply almost everywhere. The rest depend on what the ground has been used for: coal mining (CON29M) over former coalfields, brine and salt extraction chiefly in Cheshire, tin and metalliferous mining in Cornwall and west Devon, and chancel repair liability in some parishes. Two identical houses in Sandy and Barnsley need different search lists.

Bundle, or one at a time?

Providers sell both. A bundle is usually cheaper when you need most of what is in it, and worse value when you need two items out of six. A search you do not need is not a safety net — it is a document nobody will read, and every provider will happily sell you one.

How long they take, and how long they last

Turnarounds run from instant for the title register to ten working days for a slow council. Most searches are treated as valid for six months, so a chain that drags on can mean paying for some of them twice. Ordering early is one of the few delays a seller can remove before a buyer even appears.

See also what is a sales pack, or start your transaction free.